As such, this paper analyzes the exploitation of drones vulnerabilities within communication links, as well as smart devices and hardware, including smart-phones and tablets. Moreover, this paper presents a detailed review on the drone/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) usage in multiple domains (i.e civilian, military, terrorism, etc.) and for different purposes. A realistic attack scenario is also presented, which details how the authors performed a simulated attack on a given drone following the hacking cycle. This review would greatly help ethical hackers to understand the existing vulnerabilities of UAVs in both military and civilian domains. Moreover, it allows them to adopt and come up with new techniques and technologies for enhanced UAV attack detection and protection. As a result, various civilian and military anti-drones/UAVs (detective and preventive) countermeasures will be reviewed. The reliance and use of drones is constantly rising in numerous domains. This is due to the drones’ ability to offer a live-stream, real-time video and image capture, along with the ability to fly and transport goods. As a result, more than 10,000 drones will be operational for commercial use within the next five years. This is mainly due to their advantages over commercial helicopters when it comes to costs and budget. Moreover, the technological advancement enables easy manipulations via smart-phones to fly mini-drones instead of using remote controllers. In fact, the use of drones is not limited to commercial and personal aims. Drones are being used by law enforcement and border control surveillance teams. In case of natural disasters, search and rescue teams employ them to gather information or to drop essential supplies. However, drones are not being used exclusively by ”good guys” ”bad guys” are leveraging drones to achieve their malicious objectives. Being easy to control, drones can be used to perform different attacks. On the other hand, drones expose security vulnerabilities that make them prone to hijacking. In this paper, we review the attacks from/to drones, along with their existing countermeasures.Īccording to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), more than 2.5 million drones are currently flying over the United States (U.S.) alone. In fact, this number is expected to reach 7 million active drones by 2020. Moreover, the technological and economical growth of e-commerce enabled many applications that leverage the use of drones. On the other hand, this gives rise to opportunities for cyber-criminals to compromise or even exploit drones availability and capability for malicious purposes. Since the early introduction of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), drones are looked upon as being associated with major security issues, rendering them legitimate targets that are prone to various cyber-attack types. Moreover, they can also be used as a potential attack vector for malicious users. In fact, drones operate at different wireless communication frequencies, as illustrated in Table 1 Thus, boosting the chances for a new asymmetric type of warfare. , which compares the two main drones communication frequencies, 2.4 GHz and 5GHz.
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